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作者：网页游戏公益服 来源：http://www.banruo.net 时间：2021-02-09 17:07
美国一项研究显示，烟草对女性健康构成更大伤害：吸烟女性患心脏病的几率比吸烟男性高25%。
女性更受伤
这项研究由美国明尼苏达大学研究员蕾切尔·赫胥黎与约翰斯·霍普金斯大学流行病学系的马克·伍德沃德联手，由最新一期英国《柳叶刀》杂志网络版发表。
研究人员查阅四个网络数据库内1966年至2010年的数据，研究大约6.7万个心脏病病例，同时分析这期间发表、合计涉及大约240万人的75份研究报告。
人们普遍认为，吸烟令心脏病风险加倍。赫胥黎和同事发现，与吸烟男性相比，吸烟女性患心脏病的几率额外增加25%。另外，“烟龄”每增加一年，女烟民患心脏病风险就比男烟民大2%。
研究结果显示，吸烟女性患肺癌的风险更高，“死于肺癌的风险是吸烟男性的两倍”。
吸烟更有害
“这种性别差异先前没有获得广泛关注，”赫胥黎说。而且，就平均水平而言，女性没有男性烟瘾大，意味着烟草对女性的实际危害程度更高。
研究人员承认，不清楚造成这种性别差异的原因，推测可能与男女身体构造和吸烟习惯相关。
数据显示，吸烟数量相同情况下，女性会吸收更多烟草中的致癌物和其他有毒物质。另外，虽然女性平均每天吸烟数量不及男性，但她们会让每根烟“物尽其用”，一直到吸完才停止。
英国心脏基金会资深护士埃伦·梅森说：“看到这么大规模的研究证明吸烟给女性带来的危害大于男性，我们应该警醒。”
烟商更策略
统计显示，全球现有大约11亿烟民，其中大约五分之一为女性。心脏病每年大约影响全球700万人的健康，世界卫生组织把它列为人类头号杀手。
慈善机构“心脏英国”首席执行官朱尔斯·佩恩说：“禁烟政策和行动应当考虑性别差异，既‘瞄准’男性，也要关注女性，这样才能令效果最大化。”
英国“国家心脏论坛”代理首席执行官简·兰登说，女性在烟草企业眼中是一个正在扩大的目标市场。为吸引女性消费者，，烟草商尽量把香烟包装得精美诱人，印上有煽动性的宣传语。
兰登呼吁各国政府出台措施，制止烟草业针对女性的市场营销行为。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60781-2
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Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Dr Rachel R 三国类网页游戏, Mark Woodward
Background Prevalence of smoking is increasing in women in some populations and is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Whether smoking confers the same excess risk of coronary heart disease for women as it does for men is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease in women compared with men after accounting for sex differences in other major risk factors.
Methods We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies published between Jan 1, 1966, and Dec 31, 2010, from four online databases. We selected cohort studies that were stratified by sex with measures of relative risk (RR), and associated variability, for coronary heart disease and current smoking compared with not smoking. We pooled data with a random effects model with inverse variance weighting, and estimated RR ratios (RRRs) between men and women.
Findings We reviewed 8005 abstracts and included 26 articles with data for 3 912 809 individuals and 67 075 coronary heart disease events from 86 prospective trials. In 75 cohorts (2·4 million participants) that adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors other than coronary heart disease, the pooled adjusted female-to-male RRR of smoking compared with not smoking for coronary heart disease was 1·25 (95% CI 1·12—1·39, p<0·0001). This outcome was unchanged after adjustment for potential publication bias and there was no evidence of important between-study heterogeneity (p=0·21). The RRR increased by 2% for every additional year of study follow-up (p=0·03). In pooled data from 53 studies, there was no evidence of a sex difference in the RR between participants who had previously smoked compared with those who never had (RRR 0·96, 95% CI 0·86—1·08, p=0·53).
Interpretation Whether mechanisms underlying the sex difference in risk of coronary heart disease are biological or related to differences in smoking behaviour between men and women is unclear. Tobacco-control programmes should consider women, particularly in those countries where smoking among young women is increasing in prevalence.
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